The History of Astronomy

If you have a passion for star gazing, telescopes, the Hubble and the universe and this thing we call “astronomy”, you are far from alone.  Of course, we know that astronomy is a highly respected science that has produced some of the most amazing accomplishments of the twentieth century.  On top of that, it is a thriving area of fascination and one of the most exciting hobby areas going with thousands of astronomy clubs and tens of thousands of amateur astronomers watching the stars every night just like we do.

But did you know that astronomy is one of the oldest and most respected sciences of them all?  As far back as before the times of Christ, the wise and thinking people of societies of the time were looking at the stars and finding ways to track and chart them.  We who love the hobby of astronomy can chart a proud history of astronomers that tracks across millennia and through virtually every culture in civilization.  So for the sake of having some really good trivia to toss around at astronomy club next week, let’s highlight some of the big moments in the history of astronomy.

For many centuries the science of astronomy was not distinct from the practice of astrology.  For clarity, astronomy is the study of the stars, planets, and the universe with a clearly scientific approach.  Astrology is the study of the zodiac signs and how they influence our growth, our personalities and our daily lives.  In modern times, we as people of science discount the astrological side and focus on the astronomy of the heavens.  But they were one study for millennia before the age of science made them separate.

There is historical evidence that astronomy was a recognized science as far back as the Babylonian civilization hundreds of years before Christ.  But the study of the stars was not limited to one country.  There were similar movements going on in China, India, and Ancient Egypt and all over the Arabian Peninsula.  The integration of astronomy and religion is so prevalent that we see it in the Christmas story in which the Magi, Zoroastrian priesthood probably from the equivalent of ancient Syria, followed a star to the Christ child.  These astronomers were also astrologers and it was that mixture that lead them to be part of this historic event.

The first book on astronomy was written by Ptolemy during the Greek empire.  Since that historic publication, the who’s who list of great astronomers charts a path right through the center of modern science including Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Sir Issac Newton, Jung, Michelangelo, Benjamin Franklin and more recently even Einstein and Stephen Hawkings would join that noble list.  It seemed that from the renaissance on to this day, virtually any man or woman of intellect dabbled in astronomy at least somewhat and it has always been considered a sign of the learned to know about the universe and things astronomical.

Astronomy has had an impact on so many areas of our lives that we really don’t recognize.  Many words in our language had their roots in astronomy such as…

* Influenza which comes from the Latin root word for influence.  This reflects an early belief that the position of the moon and stars may influence health and cause or cure disease.

* Disaster which comes from the Latin for “bad star”.

* Lunatic which has the root word "Luna" in it which is the Latin word for moon.  This highlights the long held belief that is even prevalent today that irrational behavior and even wild and dangerous things happen during a full moon.

Astronomy and its interrelationship with astrology has also influenced culture, education and religion to a very large extent over the centuries.  In the English language, the first two days or our week, Sunday and Monday are a reference to astronomy as their literal interpretations would be “The Day of the Sun” and “The Day of the Moon.” 

So if you have found astronomy becoming a consuming passion in your thoughts and what fascinates you about the world we live in, you are in great company as this area of study has been a major part of culture and thought virtually since the dawn of civilization.  And it will continue to fascinate mankind for as long as those beautiful stars shine over our heads.

National Car Rental, Quality Through the Years

The National Car Rental is one of the oldest and the pioneer in the car rental business. In 56 years of business, the National Car Rental has pioneered amongst its most famous, the one way rental feature, for those people who’d want to rent a car in one town and leave it in another, which makes it more convenient for the renter.

National Car rental was also the first car rental company to computerize its reservation operations. With the introduction of “Telemax” computers to their system, reservation process ahs improved moving to a faster and more hassle free renting.

And since the airline industry deregulation in 1976, causing increase in airline travel costs, national car rental gave flat rates for car renters, who chose renting cars rather than flying.

National car rentals is also one of the earliest companies to start corporate account business back in the 70’s. Through this program, National has focused on the corporate traveler more so than any other company. It was also the first in the rental industry to start a frequent renter program. It was also the first to use paperless car rentals and use computers to make dealings faster; they called this the “Emerald Club” and the “Paperless Express Rental Agreement”. The “Emerald Aisle” program enables customers to select the cars that they want, with paperless ease, bypassing the rental counter, and getting them on their way faster and more efficiently. The “Choice Rental Process” in addition enabled customers to choose the exact car that they want, and “QuickRent” that gives non Emerald Club members to skip the rental counter when they complete the deal online.

National car rental is now affiliated with many different companies, all to improve the customers renting experience. These companies include, Air Canada, Air Miles, Air France, Alaska Airlines, Alitalia, America West airlines, American Airlines, ATA airlines, Delta Airlines, Continental Airlines, Frontier Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, Iberia airlines, Midwest airlines, Lanchile, United Airlines and Northwest airlines all having frequent flyer and miles/kilometer programs that can be applied to car rentals as well, some of these airlines even consider national car rental miles, for air miles.

Other affiliates include Coast Hotels and Resorts, which give lower rates for national customers that stay in their Hotels, Hilton Family of Hotels, which let you ear 250 HHonors form their Hilton Honors Points and miles, for every rent from national car rental, as well as American Express who lets you earn points when you’ve enrolled for their program for national car rental.

Aside from all the discounts a features that you will acquire through their affiliates, National Car rentals offer a wide range of vehicles for you to choose from, the classes of cars that you could possibly rent form national cars are endless, the types of vehicles that you’ll be able to rent are classified as subcompact, compact, intermediate, full-size, premium, luxury, sports utility, Mini van and convertible.

National Car rentals also have special offers for their customers, one of which is the “Last minute specials to go” which offers different specials every week at different locations. The other special, the “Great internet rates - Book ahead special’ gives discounts fro those that reserve their cars early in the internet. The weekend value Rates – Book ahead special offers lower weekend rates. National car also offers internet only discounts also a book ahead special, which applies to mini vans and SUVs.

The Glossary of Telescopes

When you enter into any new area of science, you almost always find yourself with a baffling new language of technical terms to learn before you can converse with the experts.  This is certainly true in astronomy both in terms of terms that refer to the cosmos and terms that describe the tools of the trade, the most prevalent being the telescope.  So to get us off of first base, let’s define some of the key terms that pertain to telescopes to help you be able to talk to them more intelligently. 

The first area of specialization in telescopes has to do with the types of telescopes people use.  The three designs of telescopes that most people use are the Refractor, the Reflector and the Schmidt Cassegrain telescope. 

* The refractor telescope uses a convex lens to focus the light on the eyepiece. 

* The reflector telescope has a concave lens which means it bends in.  It uses mirrors to focus the image that you eventually see. 

* The Schmidt Cassegrain telescope uses an involved system of mirrors to capture the image you want to see.

* A binocular telescope uses a set of telescopes mounted and synchronized so your view of the sky is 3-D.

Beyond the basic types, other terms refer to parts of the telescope or to the science behind how telescopes work.

* Collimation is a term for how well tuned the telescope is to give you a good clear image of what you are looking at.  You want your telescope to have good collimation so you are not getting a false image of the celestial body.

* Aperture is a fancy word for how big the lens of your telescope is.  But it’s an important word because the aperture of the lens is the key to how powerful your telescope is.  Magnification has nothing to do with it, its all in the aperture.

* Focuser is the housing that keeps the eyepiece of the telescope, or what you will look through, in place.  The focuser has to be stable and in good repair for you to have an image you can rely on.

* Mount and Wedge.  Both of these terms refer to the tripod your telescope sits on.  The mount is the actual tripod and the wedge is the device that lets you attach the telescope to the mount.  The mount and the wedge are there to assist you with a superior viewing session and to keep your expensive telescope safe from a fall.

* An Altazimuth Mount refers to the tripod of the telescope that holds the device in place and makes it useful during a star gazing session.  The altazimuth mouth allows the telescope to move both horizontally (which is the azimuth) and vertically.  In this way you have full range to look at things close to the horizon or directly overhead.

* Coma has a different meaning than the one we are used to, and that’s a good thing.  The coma is the blurry area on the outer rims of your view through the telescope.  How big the coma is and to what extent it interferes with your viewing will have is important to the effectiveness of your telesscope.

* Planisphere.  A fancy word for a star chart.  It is nothing less or more than a detailed map of where everything is in the cosmos and how to find the star you wish to study by keying off of known stars.

* Barlow.  This refers to a specialized type of lens that you can buy to enhance the magnification of your telescope. 

These are just a few of the basic concepts of telescope operation.  We deliberately picked the ones you have to know to discuss telescopes intelligently.  But your education into the more complex aspects of astronomy and telescope design and operation will go on for as long as you are a lover of astronomy, which we hope is for the rest of your life.

Handheld Auto Navigation Systems

There are many different types of auto navigation systems. Among the many you will find those that come factory installed, those that are attached to the interior of your automobile through the use of suction cups, and still others that are handheld devices which can simply be installed by attaching a cord to your cars cigarette lighter. These devices don't offer quite the functionality and ease of use as some of the other (need I say pricier) types of navigational devices but you should not be fooled by features that you might not find all that useful in reality.

I'm a bargain hunter by nature. There really is nothing I can do to change my thrifty (some might say cheap) nature. I like having nice things but would like to get them while spending as little money in the process as possible. For this reason alone I decided to seriously consider some of the many handheld navigational tools on the market today.

There are many reasons I find these devices attractive. First of all, they suit many purposes. Not only are they useful when traveling by car (if you purchase the right software of course), they are also quite useful when taking your travels off road as well. You can use them four wheeling in the country, riding horses in wide open spaces, hiking in the hills and mountains, or when getting away by bike for the day. My personal favorite use for these nifty tools however is on the water. I'm a horrible navigator and a mapping handheld GPS is just the thing to keep me on track and on target.

I don't know about you, but I hate feeling as though I am completely and utterly lost. It is a frightening feeling that is only intensified whenever there are children on board during those lost moments in time. Only someone who has ever experienced that feeling while looking into the eyes of her babies and feeling so alone on top of being so lost can really understand. There simply aren't adequate words to describe the deep down inside fear that can take hold in situations such as this if allowed.

The best action to take is proactive. Avoid putting yourself in situations where you will feel lost. This of course, hasn't always been possible in the past. Having a navigational device on hand at all times can go such a long way towards alleviating that fear and calming any qualms someone may have about the need to travel to unfamiliar places at time. Since we must occasionally stray from the world we know, love, and are familiar with it is great to know that there are devices to help us find our way in many situations.

If you are looking for a great gift to give almost anyone on your Christmas list this year, a nice handheld GPS system with mapping capabilities is a great gift to give. Of course, you do not really need to wait until the holidays in order to give a gift such as this-especially if you are giving it to someone whose safety is of great importance to you. I think anyone who drives, bikes, boats, floats, hikes, or rows could find a great deal of use for tools such as this, particularly females who enjoy these activities and occasionally enjoy them alone. 

No matter what your specific needs in auto navigationsystems may be, there are many systems that could suit them quite nicely. Take the time to study what is available and reconcile your needs with your budget in order to find the one that will work best for you. Handheld GPS systems with mapping abilities offer a highly affordable option along with some surprising extra features, which will make them attractive in and out of the automobile. Good luck in finding the perfect auto navigation system for you. It's out there somewhere.

Money Making Tips

Affiliate marketing is all about getting paid for
selling products you don't own and not going to
jail for it.  Someone else goes through all of the
trouble to develop software programs, service, or
digital content products.  They'll do all the work
then you collect the money!

Affiliate marketing is a revenue sharing arrangement
between the product developer, known as the affiliate
merchant, and the affiliate marketer who is anyone
that's willing to promote the sale of product by
advertising the product using any type of legal
means available.

The relationship will allow the affiliate merchant
to grow their revenue by paying only for the
advertising that results in a sale.  The affiliate
marketer will profit by making a percentage on a
sale that he does not have to manage after the
sale.

Getting paid
Getting paid all depends upon how the affiliate
program is set up.  Some merchants will run their
own affiliate program.  They'll have special types
of software that assigns each affiliate marketer
a special link that's used in promoting the product.
The software will track sales of every marketer
and the merchant will pay the commission on a
periodic basis using either PayPal or another
method of payment.

Selecting products or services
Your income is directly tied to how well your
selected product or service sells, and the size of
the commission you earn, which makes it very
important that you choose carefully when it comes
to choosing the affiliate merchant you'll be
partnering with.

Choose programs that you aren't embarrassed to
promote and programs that you'll feel comfortable
recommending to your family and friends if they
were to ask you about it.

You'll do much better if you promote products
that you fully understand and are already familiar
with.  This way, you'll be able to write better
ads without having to strain yourself coming up
with the right things to say.

You should only promote products and services for
companies who have gone through the trouble to
provide you with training programs and sales aids
such as banners and other marketing materials that
you can either use directly or model the one you
own after.

Be on the lookout for programs with commission
rates no less than 50%.  You should give preference
to programs that pay commission on multiple levels,
which means you'll also have to earn commissions
on sales made by people who buy the products
through your link then go on and become affiliates
themselves later on.

Auto Navigation Systems are Great Tools for Geocaching

Geocaching is an excellent way to maximize your use of a handheld auto navigation system. There are so many wonderful activities and events you can use your system for and geocaching is a way of combining many activities into one use or event. In addition to being a great way to get out and see the world this is a great way to work physical fitness into your fun regimen. The reason is that there is generally some degree of work involved in finding your hidden treasures.

So what exactly is geocaching? Glad you asked. This is a sport really, kind of like a fox hunt without the dogs and foxes. Seriously, it is a merry chase in search of a small token or treasure. The idea is that you take something, leave something, and make a note about it in the log. You use your GPS or handheld auto navigation system in order to find the treasure you are seeking. You find the caches and stashes by getting the coordinates from the Internet. This is a very popular pastime and you will find all kinds of spectacular prizes and goodies in the cache stash as well as phenomenal flops when it comes to prizes as well. All bets are off really, some stashers leave great goodies and others leave pranks or silly items. It is completely up to you which treasures you will leave behind (do keep in mind that this is often a family activity and keep your tokens family friendly as people of all ages enjoy the sport).

There are no hard and fast rules when it comes to geocaching and new games are created all the time to keep the fun alive and the sport much more interesting. Check the Internet for caches hidden in your area, you might be amazed at the vast number of treasures and treasure hunters that live near by. I always have a tendency to think of geocaching as my own form of treasure hunting. Not all caches are created equal but the thrill of the hunt is really what it's all about. There have been some incredibly zany and humorous caches in addition to the wonderful stashes of actual cash. Enter into this with the idea of having a lot of fun and you might be surprised at all the wonderful gifts and goodies you find. Be sure however to always leave something behind if you take an item.

Don't be deceived by the fact that you are using GPS or other auto navigation systems in order to find the stash, you may find yourself getting quite the orienteering workout. Not only will you need to climb, hike, or bike on occasion you may need specialized equipment such as scuba equipment or rock climbing equipment in order to reach some caches. You may even begin your own cache by finding a creative location in which to stash your trinkets and treasures and loading the coordinates to your local geocaching website. If you keep an eye on your stash you may find all manner of interesting goodies and ideas coming through.

Even if you haven't really considered how exciting it would be to go on a real treasure hunt since you were a child, isn't it about time you did? Geocaching is the modern day treasure hunt with a twist-rather than "X" marking the spot, you will find your way with beeps and blips.

Best Suggestion before Doing Online Shopping

Before going shopping at any online retailer, do a quick search for promotional codes. Many of the big retailers often have promotions running that are not advertised on their home page. Doing a quick search for these codes will allow you to insert the code at checkout to save money.

Make sure that when you make a purchase online, you are aware of if the site is secure or not. You do not want your information being compromised in this day and age. Identity theft is quite common, and you must protect your information at all cost so that you wish to keep making purchases online.

Always look for coupon codes when shopping on the Internet. Many online stores give out discounts for various things and you can find them by doing a simple search. Just type in the name of the store and coupon and you may find a great discount. This is a great way to save money when you shop online.

Shop around when shopping online. You may find that prices for certain items can vary greatly from store to store. To be sure you get the best deal, look at a few different stores to find out their prices, as well as shipping charge. This will allow you to get the best deal you can.

Check out coupon sites. Whatever you want to buy might have coupons or discount codes. Before you buy something, make sure that you have the ability to take a few seconds and do a quick search. You might even want to bookmark some coupon sites to have ready when you buy.

Do not spend too much money on shipping. Shipping charges can really add up. Many sites offer free shipping, free shipping once you spend a certain amount, or have a coupon code that allows you to get free shipping. Instead of paying your hard earned money on shipping, look for a store that ships for free.

If you're concerned about whether a shopping site is legitimate or not, do some research about it. The internet can be a great way to find out about other people's experiences with different sites. If the reviews of others seem promising, consider making a small first order. This can allow you to test out the customer service, shipping, and gain a feel for the company without risking a lot of money. 

When shopping online, choose the best shipping policy. Many times companies offer expedited shipping. However, many times getting the product one day earlier can cost you as much as twice the normal shipping price. Therefore, if you can wait on the product to arrive using normal shipping instead of expedited shipping, choose standard shipping to save money.

Ford Bronco 2020 News

What exactly is the relationship involving the Ford Bronco as well as the initially 2016 American presidential race? Well, the best solution involves much more than satisfies the eye. From the twentieth century, the Bronco was a hugely popular SUV dearest because of its sturdiness in addition to away-street ability. Nevertheless, the design was stopped in 1996. Consequently, Ford has tried to revive the product with out good results, the last work getting into 2004, as soon as the car maker showcased a Ford Bronco concept at the To the north American Worldwide Auto Show. Ford would continue to disclose that this model‘s give back is prepared for 2020 within a considerably strange way.

In the recent initially American presidential debate, Donald Trump asserted that American firms for example Ford had been robbing People in america of job opportunities by their choice to move production bases to Mexico. Responding, Ford tweeted because the argument continued that the proceed to transfer manufacturing of its modest vehicles to Mexico would not have an impact on American work.

Ford mentioned that the automaker was likely to commence manufacturing of two new types, a Ranger along with a 6th technology Bronco. Much like that programs for a new 2020 Ford Bronco had been chance to the limelight. The product is going to be launched in 2019 like a 2020 Bronco design. The model will contest with the Jeep Wrangler which offers with out a strong-sufficient competitor.

2017 JAGUAR F-PACE POWERTRAIN UPDATE

2017 Jaguar F-Pace great-class cross-around SUV that accompany an aggressive design and contemporary fashion, it is a go across-above SUV which comes as being a car that offers a efficient and quick efficiency, the latest design F-Pace is going to be designed depending on the new CX-17 system that is certainly said to be employing steel light and mobile and effective, 2017 Jaguar F-Pace got as being a suv which is manufactured a lot more fashionable, ??the inner with this automobile is manufactured and developed with several innovative new features.

The area of the F-Pace isn’t awesome at all. Using the exemption of a collection of part gills that improve over the top gateways, plus an upside down wrinkle in the body-work that provides the SUV an nimble place, 1 component details are about as neat and as very humble as it’s getting inside the SUV segment.

2017 JAGUAR F-PACE REDESIGN

The latest 2017 Jaguar F-Pace can be a automobile that is created to offer five folks it, this vehicle is going to be designed based on architectural fashion steel that creates cars light-weight to ensure boosted effectiveness and fuel useage of the car will certainly be a record for your foes in their group, the newest jaguar F-Pace designed more impressive the principles of aerodynamics that will make this automobile an excellent opponent in training substantial-class suv.

The SUV’s device table is likewise like the ones found in the XE and XF automobiles. It’s consisting of two analog cell phone calls plus a principal FT present within the individual adjustments. Prospective managers do have the choice of receiving a greater 12.3-inch exclusive gadget class that accompanies a number of diverse noticeable types, full-screen routing, and wonderful HD. Just beneath the enormous show are a set of control control buttons which can be offered very easily, keeping the design of the entire heart system constrained along with small chaos.

Our generating of your Jaguar F-Pace was pretty spot-on as opposed to genuine thing, which would be to say that Jaguar didn’t get way too dedicated in providing the SUV an alternative appear. The leading lighting fixtures, as an example, hold the signature ‘J’ Blade design, which can be about the 2017 Jaguar XE and 2017 Jaguar XF . The gaping grill and also the huge air flow consumption have been bought out from Jag’s collection of vehicles.

2017 Jaguar F-Pace wonderful decorations, in this particular vehicle will likely be designed with wonderful details and will come stuffed in today’s technology, in a car bungalow is created with peaceful natural leather-taken care of seating that provide peaceful seated for five tourists and a metallic door deals with total the style through giving a lot-essential evaluation of seeing classy quotient of the 2017 Jaguar F-Pace.

2017 JAGUAR F-PACE POWERTRAIN Update

2017 Jaguar F-Pace is presently nonetheless no info features engine that can be used, a lot of men and women wish this auto is going to be made with the powertrain 3.-liter revved-up V6 power motor that gives about 340 horse power and 330 lb-feet of twisting.

Or some other possibilities the 2. litre 4-tube that will create 165 electricity and 275 lb-ft of twisting. The possibility that this motor will be used in the Jaguar F-Pace will likely be as well as an 8-10-rate transmitting items package along with the electricity will be sent to all rim travel decision.

2017 JAGUAR F-PACE REDESIGN

2017 Jaguar F-Pace substantial-class cross-over SUV that accompanies an aggressive type and modern-day style, this is a cross-above SUV that comes as a vehicle which offers a efficient and quick effectiveness, the newest design F-Pace is going to be developed according to the new CX-17 process that is said to be making use of metallic light and transportable and effective, 2017 Jaguar F-Pace got being a suv that is certainly created a lot more stylish, ??the interior of the car is made and developed with a lot of progressive extra features.

The part of the F-Pace isn’t amazing by any means. Together with the exemption of a set of aspect gills that raise across the entrance gates, plus an upside down wrinkle in the body-operate which gives the SUV an nimble position, one particular aspect facts are about as neat and as modest as it is getting inside the SUV portion.

2017 JAGUAR F-PACE REDESIGN

The latest 2017 Jaguar F-Pace can be a car which is designed to supply 5 various people it, this auto will probably be developed based on structural design metal which enables automobiles gentle so that enhanced performance and gasoline consumption of the vehicle might be a document to the opponents within its class, the newest jaguar F-Pace created much more revolutionary the rules of aerodynamics that will make this auto a strong challenger in schooling substantial-class suv.

The SUV’s device board is also like the versions observed in the XE and XF automobiles. It’s composed of two analog cell phone calls as well as a principal Feet show included in the independent configurations. Potential users may have the option of receiving a larger 12.3-inch special device group that is included with a number of distinct noticeable designs, complete-display screen routing, and spectacular HD. Just beneath the huge show are a set of management switches that are offered quickly, trying to keep the fashion from the entire centre program limited along with little wreck.

Our generating from the Jaguar F-Pace was rather spot-on as opposed to real thing, which is to say that Jaguar did not get too dedicated in giving the SUV another appearance. The leading lights, for instance, have the hallmark ‘J’ Blade style, which can also be on the 2017 Jaguar XE and 2017 Jaguar XF . Even gaping barbeque grill and the big air intake have been bought out from Jag’s collection of vehicles.

2017 Jaguar F-Pace spectacular accessories, in this automobile will be designed with impressive information and will come loaded in today’s modern technology, in the vehicle bungalow is made with calm natural leather-included recliners which provide comfortable seated for 5 various vacationers and a metallic entrance handles total the appearance by providing much-required comparison of experiencing classy quotient of the 2017 Jaguar F-Pace.

2017 JAGUAR F-PACE POWERTRAIN Improve

2017 Jaguar F-Pace is presently nevertheless no information specifications electric motor that might be applied, a lot of folks wish that it vehicle will be created with the powertrain 3.-liter revved-up V6 energy motor unit which gives about 340 horse electricity and 330 lb-feet of twisting.

Or any other possibilities the 2. litre 4-cylinder that will generate 165 energy and 275 lb-ft of twisting. The possibility that the engine will be utilized in the Jaguar F-Pace will likely be in addition to an 8-10-pace transferring items package as well as the vitality is going to be shipped to all edge push choice.